I thought I lost my title and text (own made) presets I had made in the previous version of Vegas (20).
I could not find nor select them in Vegas 20 or Vegas 21 anymore. After investigation I found them back in OFX Presets, but not in the correct path.
I found out that if you make a new text preference it is saved in users/<your name>/Documents/OFX Presets.
Normally this is OK I presume, but in my case, my official Documents folder path is under OneDrive:
users/<your name>/OneDrive/Documents/OFX Presets
Vegas correctly saves most stuff under the correct the OneDrive documents path location, except apparently for titles and text presets. This seems a bug. As far as I can remember I moved the documents folder to Microsoft OneDrive in the past before I installed Vegas 21.
Something related, but more of a request, it is far too easy to delete a saved preset, the red cross icon to delete is next to the save icon, I would like to have a delete confirmation popup for saved presets...
For some reason it does not let me save any adjustment of titles and text presets, I can erase the ones I had in the folder that you have mentioned, but I cannot create any new.
@mamomo There is also another way to use titles and text with your own preset without saving a preset, and that is to use a script to create a text (with all your own text preset being generated). Here is a script I made to do just that. Feel free to change or simplify to what you need:
/**
xSubTitles (v1)
---------------------------
This script will:
(1) V1: add default science subtitle up to 8x (selectable) 4 seconds long each
or add default standard subtitle up to 4x (selectable) 4 seconds long each
-------------------------
Based on Whisper openAI
-------------------------
Written By: bitman
version 1
Last Modified: 4 August 2024
**/
using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections; //needed for ArrayList
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Threading;
using System.IO;
using System.Diagnostics;
using ScriptPortal.Vegas;
using System.Text;
//using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
static class Globals
{
public static string keuze;
}
public class EntryPoint
{
Vegas myVegas;
public void FromVegas(Vegas vegas)
{
myVegas = vegas;
bool targetFound = false; //initate candidate for event found to false
//**********************************************
//ASK : select subtitle type selection
//**********************************************
string title = "xSubTitles (v1)";
string prompt = "Select NBR of Subtitles: ";
string value1 = " ";
Globals.keuze = "";
if (CreateUserDialog.InputBox(title, prompt, ref value1) == DialogResult.OK)
{
MessageBox.Show("testpunt 0 - should not come here- all buttons are defined CANCEL");
}
//MessageBox.Show("testpunt case: " + Globals.keuze);
//*********************************
// end ask subtitle type selection
//*********************************
if (Globals.keuze != "") // = execute code, if no selection, cancel and do nothing!
{
// sets timeline timecode format to "Time"
var originalRulerFormat = myVegas.Project.Ruler.Format;
myVegas.Project.Ruler.Format = RulerFormat.Time;
myVegas.UpdateUI();
// timeline timecode format set
int myEvLength = 4; //init subtitle length to 4s (best is between 1 and 6s)
string myText = "";
string myText1 = "";
string myText2 = "";
int myType = 0; //init
int textEvents = 0; //init
Timecode advance = Timecode.FromSeconds(myEvLength); //advance 3s
foreach (Track myTrack in myVegas.Project.Tracks)
{
if (myTrack.IsVideo() && (myTrack.Selected))
{
//track is Selected and event track is Video
targetFound = true; //candidate for subtitle is found
// ----------------------------------------------
// selected location found: start change here
//-----------------------------------------------
// MessageBox.Show("testpoint sType= " + sType );
//prepare text, position and duration
//execute add text
myType = 1;
myText = "S";
myText1 ="Konikpaarden";
myText2 ="(Equus caballus var. konik)";
switch (Globals.keuze)
{
case "b1":
textEvents = 1;
while (textEvents > 0)
{
AddTextMultiStyle(myVegas, myTrack, myText1, myText2, myType, myEvLength);
myVegas.Cursor = myVegas.Cursor + advance;
textEvents = textEvents - 1;
}
break;
case "b2":
textEvents = 2;
while (textEvents > 0)
{
AddTextMultiStyle(myVegas, myTrack, myText1, myText2, myType, myEvLength);
myVegas.Cursor = myVegas.Cursor + advance;
textEvents = textEvents - 1;
}
break;
case "b3":
textEvents = 3;
while (textEvents > 0)
{
AddTextMultiStyle(myVegas, myTrack, myText1, myText2, myType, myEvLength);
myVegas.Cursor = myVegas.Cursor + advance;
textEvents = textEvents - 1;
}
break;
case "b4":
textEvents = 4;
while (textEvents > 0)
{
AddTextMultiStyle(myVegas, myTrack, myText1, myText2, myType, myEvLength);
myVegas.Cursor = myVegas.Cursor + advance;
textEvents = textEvents - 1;
}
break;
case "b5":
textEvents = 5;
while (textEvents > 0)
{
AddTextMultiStyle(myVegas, myTrack, myText1, myText2, myType, myEvLength);
myVegas.Cursor = myVegas.Cursor + advance;
textEvents = textEvents - 1;
}
break;
case "b6":
textEvents = 6;
while (textEvents > 0)
{
AddTextMultiStyle(myVegas, myTrack, myText1, myText2, myType, myEvLength);
myVegas.Cursor = myVegas.Cursor + advance;
textEvents = textEvents - 1;
}
break;
case "b7":
textEvents = 7;
while (textEvents > 0)
{
AddTextMultiStyle(myVegas, myTrack, myText1, myText2, myType, myEvLength);
myVegas.Cursor = myVegas.Cursor + advance;
textEvents = textEvents - 1;
}
break;
case "b8":
textEvents = 8;
while (textEvents > 0)
{
AddTextMultiStyle(myVegas, myTrack, myText1, myText2, myType, myEvLength);
myVegas.Cursor = myVegas.Cursor + advance;
textEvents = textEvents - 1;
}
break;
case "b9":
textEvents = 1;
while (textEvents > 0)
{
AddTextSingleStyle(myVegas, myTrack, myText, myType, myEvLength);
myVegas.Cursor = myVegas.Cursor + advance;
textEvents = textEvents - 1;
}
break;
case "b10":
textEvents = 2;
while (textEvents > 0)
{
AddTextSingleStyle(myVegas, myTrack, myText, myType, myEvLength);
myVegas.Cursor = myVegas.Cursor + advance;
textEvents = textEvents - 1;
}
break;
case "b11":
textEvents = 3;
while (textEvents > 0)
{
AddTextSingleStyle(myVegas, myTrack, myText, myType, myEvLength);
myVegas.Cursor = myVegas.Cursor + advance;
textEvents = textEvents - 1;
}
break;
case "b12":
textEvents = 4;
while (textEvents > 0)
{
AddTextSingleStyle(myVegas, myTrack, myText, myType, myEvLength);
myVegas.Cursor = myVegas.Cursor + advance;
textEvents = textEvents - 1;
}
break;
}
} //*** END of if (myTrack.is video
} //*** END of foreach (Track myTrack in myVegas.Project.Tracks)
if (!targetFound) //candidate for eventlength not found
{
MessageBox.Show(" selected track must be video track");
}
// sets timeline timecode format back to the user preference
myVegas.Project.Ruler.Format = originalRulerFormat;
// original format restored
} else {
MessageBox.Show("No action was done!");
}
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void AddTextSingleStyle(Vegas myVegas, Track myTrack, string myText, int myType, int myEvLength)
{
string genUID = "{Svfx:com.vegascreativesoftware:titlesandtext}"; //Magix Titles & Text
string vegVersion = myVegas.Version.PadRight(12).Substring(0,12).TrimEnd(); //to remove build version
//MessageBox.Show("vegVersion: " + vegVersion);
if (vegVersion.Contains("14") || vegVersion.Contains("15") || vegVersion.Contains("16"))
{
genUID = "{Svfx:com.sonycreativesoftware:titlesandtext}"; //Sony Titles & Text
}
// start of type difference
string myFont = "Arial"; //init
int myFontSize = 10;
double myPosX = .5; //init
double myPosY = .1; //init
switch (myType)
{
case 1:
//default subtitle
myFont = "Arial";
myPosX = .5;
myPosY = .1;
break;
case 2:
//should not come here keep for future
break;
}
PlugInNode plugIn = null;
plugIn = myVegas.Generators.GetChildByUniqueID(genUID);
Media media = new Media(plugIn);
MediaStream stream = media.Streams.GetItemByMediaType(MediaType.Video, 0);
VideoEvent newEvent = new VideoEvent(myVegas.Transport.CursorPosition, Timecode.FromSeconds(myEvLength)); //myEvLength seconds long !!!
myTrack.Events.Add(newEvent);
Take take = new Take(stream);
newEvent.Takes.Add(take);
//add preset to generated event
//get the actual OFX effect (gEffect: generated effect)
Effect gEffect = newEvent.ActiveTake.Media.Generator;
OFXEffect fxo = gEffect.OFXEffect;
//modify Text richfont .net type properties (font, size, fontstyle, justify alignment)
OFXStringParameter tparm = (OFXStringParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("Text");
RichTextBox rtfText = new RichTextBox();
//rtfText.Text = " bitman has text";
rtfText.Text = myText;
rtfText.SelectAll();
rtfText.SelectionFont = new Font(myFont, myFontSize, FontStyle.Bold); //Bold-Italic-Regular-Strikeout-Underline
rtfText.SelectionAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Center; //alignment of text in textbox itself (=justify)
tparm.Value = rtfText.Rtf;
//Text font color - keep default white
//Text anchorPoint
OFXChoiceParameter anchorPoint = (OFXChoiceParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("Alignment");
anchorPoint.Value = anchorPoint.Choices[4]; //4=center
//Text position
OFXDouble2DParameter position = (OFXDouble2DParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("Location");
OFXDouble2D Pos;
Pos.X = myPosX;
Pos.Y = myPosY;
position.Value = Pos;
//Text shadow
OFXBooleanParameter shadow = (OFXBooleanParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("ShadowEnable");
shadow.Value = true;
OFXDoubleParameter shadowOffsetX = (OFXDoubleParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("ShadowOffsetX");
shadowOffsetX.Value = 0.01;
OFXDoubleParameter shadowOffsetY = (OFXDoubleParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("ShadowOffsetY");
shadowOffsetY.Value = 0.01;
OFXDoubleParameter shadowBlur= (OFXDoubleParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("ShadowBlur");
shadowBlur.Value = 0.01;
//Text background
OFXRGBAParameter rgbBackground = (OFXRGBAParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("Background");
Color bgColor = Color.White;
OFXColor bgOFXColor;
bgOFXColor.R = bgColor.R / 255.0;
bgOFXColor.G = bgColor.G / 255.0;
bgOFXColor.B = bgColor.B / 255.0;
bgOFXColor.A = 0; // make transparant
rgbBackground.Value = bgOFXColor;
////crop background to text (only from Vegas 19 onward)!
//OFXBooleanParameter cropBGTT = (OFXBooleanParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("FitBackgroundColor");
//cropBGTT.Value = true;
//Line spacing (space between lines)
OFXDoubleParameter lineSpacing = (OFXDoubleParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("LineSpacing");
lineSpacing.Value = 0.8;
/* helpfull to find syntax and parameters
foreach (OFXParameter fxparm in fxo.Parameters)
{
MessageBox.Show("Name: " + fxparm.Name + " Label: " + fxparm.Label + " Type: " + fxparm.ParameterType.ToString());
}
*/
//apply all changes
fxo.AllParametersChanged();
}//*** end add text single style
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void AddTextMultiStyle(Vegas myVegas, Track myTrack, string myText1, string myText2, int myType, int myEvLength)
{
string genUID = "{Svfx:com.vegascreativesoftware:titlesandtext}"; //Magix Titles & Text
string vegVersion = myVegas.Version.PadRight(12).Substring(0,12).TrimEnd(); //to remove build version
//MessageBox.Show("vegVersion: " + vegVersion);
if (vegVersion.Contains("14") || vegVersion.Contains("15") || vegVersion.Contains("16"))
{
genUID = "{Svfx:com.sonycreativesoftware:titlesandtext}"; //Sony Titles & Text
}
// start of type difference
string myFont = "Arial"; //init
int myFontSize1 = 10; //init
int myFontSize2 = 10; //init
double myPosX = .5; //init
double myPosY = .1; //init
switch (myType)
{
case 1:
//wetenschap (science)
myFont = "Roboto";
myPosX = .75;
myPosY = .18;
break;
case 2:
//for future
break;
}
PlugInNode plugIn = null;
plugIn = myVegas.Generators.GetChildByUniqueID(genUID);
Media media = new Media(plugIn);
MediaStream stream = media.Streams.GetItemByMediaType(MediaType.Video, 0);
VideoEvent newEvent = new VideoEvent(myVegas.Transport.CursorPosition, Timecode.FromSeconds(myEvLength)); //myEvLength seconds long !!!
myTrack.Events.Add(newEvent);
Take take = new Take(stream);
newEvent.Takes.Add(take);
//add preset to generated event
//get the actual OFX effect (gEffect: generated effect)
Effect gEffect = newEvent.ActiveTake.Media.Generator;
OFXEffect fxo = gEffect.OFXEffect;
OFXStringParameter tparm = (OFXStringParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("Text");
RichTextBox rtfText = new RichTextBox();
//first line (e.g. fontsize = 14 (fs28), regular)
//------------------------------------------------
// second line (e.g. fontsize = 10 (fs20), italic)
//------------------------------------------------
tparm.Value = "{\\rtf1\\ansi\\ansicpg1252\\deff0{\\fonttbl{\\f0\\fnil\\fcharset0 " + myFont + ";}}\\viewkind4\\uc1\\pard\\lang1033\\f0\\fs28 " + myText1 + " \\b\\i\\par\\b0\\fs20 " + myText2 + "\\fs96\\par}";
//Text font color - keep default white
//Text anchorPoint
OFXChoiceParameter anchorPoint = (OFXChoiceParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("Alignment");
anchorPoint.Value = anchorPoint.Choices[4]; //4=center
//Text position
OFXDouble2DParameter position = (OFXDouble2DParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("Location");
OFXDouble2D Pos;
Pos.X = myPosX;
Pos.Y = myPosY;
position.Value = Pos;
//Text shadow
OFXBooleanParameter shadow = (OFXBooleanParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("ShadowEnable");
shadow.Value = true;
OFXDoubleParameter shadowOffsetX = (OFXDoubleParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("ShadowOffsetX");
shadowOffsetX.Value = 0.001;
OFXDoubleParameter shadowOffsetY = (OFXDoubleParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("ShadowOffsetY");
shadowOffsetY.Value = 0.030;
OFXDoubleParameter shadowBlur= (OFXDoubleParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("ShadowBlur");
shadowBlur.Value = 0.000;
//Text background
OFXRGBAParameter rgbBackground = (OFXRGBAParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("Background");
Color bgColor = Color.White;
OFXColor bgOFXColor;
bgOFXColor.R = 0.26; // bgColor.R / 255.0;
bgOFXColor.G = 0.44; // bgColor.G / 255.0;
bgOFXColor.B = 0.69; // bgColor.B / 255.0;
bgOFXColor.A = 0; // make transparant
rgbBackground.Value = bgOFXColor;
////crop background to text (only from Vegas 19 onward)!
//OFXBooleanParameter cropBGTT = (OFXBooleanParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("FitBackgroundColor");
//cropBGTT.Value = true;
//Line spacing (space between lines)
OFXDoubleParameter lineSpacing = (OFXDoubleParameter)fxo.FindParameterByName("LineSpacing");
lineSpacing.Value = 1.0;
//apply all changes
fxo.AllParametersChanged();
}//*** end add text multi style
} //********* end of main procedure ********************************************************************************
public class CreateUserDialog
{
public static DialogResult InputBox(string title, string promptText, ref string value)
{
// -------------------------------------------------------------
// part 1 create form & buttons for transcode model sellection
// -------------------------------------------------------------
Form form = new Form();
Label label1 = new Label();
Label label2 = new Label();
Label label3 = new Label();
//TextBox textBox = new TextBox(); //no need for textbox
Button button1 = new Button();
Button button2 = new Button();
Button button3 = new Button();
Button button4 = new Button();
Button button5 = new Button();
Button button6 = new Button();
Button button7 = new Button();
Button button8 = new Button();
Button button9 = new Button();
Button button10 = new Button();
Button button11 = new Button();
Button button12 = new Button();
form.Text = title;
label1.Text = promptText + "(Science)";
label2.Text = promptText + "(Science)";
label3.Text = promptText + "(Standard)";
form.Font = new Font("Arial", 10,FontStyle.Bold);
//textBox.Text = value; //no need for textbox
// -------------------
// what the user sees (e.g. button2.Text = "Draft" + Environment.NewLine + "(fast)";)
// -------------------
button1.Text = "1";
button2.Text = "2";
button3.Text = "3";
button4.Text = "4";
button5.Text = "5";
button6.Text = "6";
button7.Text = "7";
button8.Text = "8";
button9.Text = "1";
button10.Text = "2";
button11.Text = "3";
button12.Text = "4";
// ----------------------
// what the user clicked
// ----------------------
button1.Name = "b1";
button2.Name = "b2";
button3.Name = "b3";
button4.Name = "b4";
button5.Name = "b5";
button6.Name = "b6";
button7.Name = "b7";
button8.Name = "b8";
button9.Name = "b9";
button10.Name = "b10";
button11.Name = "b11";
button12.Name = "b12";
// -----------------------
button1.DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel;
button2.DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel;
button3.DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel;
button4.DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel;
button5.DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel;
button6.DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel;
button7.DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel;
button8.DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel;
button9.DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel;
button10.DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel;
button11.DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel;
button12.DialogResult = DialogResult.Cancel;
int lab1Ypos = 20;
int lab2Ypos = 90+28;
int lab3Ypos = 98+90+28;
int labXpos = 9;
label1.SetBounds(9, lab1Ypos, 372, 13); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
label2.SetBounds(9, lab2Ypos, 372, 13); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
label3.SetBounds(9, lab3Ypos, 372, 13); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
//textBox.SetBounds(12, 36, 372, 20); //no need for textbox
button1.SetBounds(labXpos, lab1Ypos + 28, 90, 28*2); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
button2.SetBounds(labXpos + 100, lab1Ypos + 28, 90, 28*2); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
button3.SetBounds(labXpos + 100*2, lab1Ypos + 28, 90, 28*2); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
button4.SetBounds(labXpos + 100*3, lab1Ypos + 28, 90, 28*2); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
button5.SetBounds(labXpos, lab2Ypos + 28, 90, 28*2); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
button6.SetBounds(labXpos + 100, lab2Ypos + 28, 90, 28*2); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
button7.SetBounds(labXpos + 100*2, lab2Ypos + 28, 90, 28*2); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
button8.SetBounds(labXpos + 100*3, lab2Ypos + 28, 90, 28*2); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
button9.SetBounds(labXpos, lab3Ypos + 28, 90, 28*2); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
button10.SetBounds(labXpos + 100, lab3Ypos + 28, 90, 28*2); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
button11.SetBounds(labXpos + 100*2, lab3Ypos + 28, 90, 28*2); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
button12.SetBounds(labXpos + 100*3, lab3Ypos + 28, 90, 28*2); //x pos,y pos, x length, y Height
label1.AutoSize = true;
label2.AutoSize = true;
label3.AutoSize = true;
//textBox.Anchor = textBox.Anchor | AnchorStyles.Right; //no need for textbox
button1.Anchor = AnchorStyles.Bottom | AnchorStyles.Right;
button2.Anchor = AnchorStyles.Bottom | AnchorStyles.Right;
button3.Anchor = AnchorStyles.Bottom | AnchorStyles.Right;
button4.Anchor = AnchorStyles.Bottom | AnchorStyles.Right;
//form.ClientSize = new Size(477, 107);
//form.ClientSize = new Size(420, 200+28); //x pos,y pos, (2 rows of 4 buttons each + 2x labels)
form.ClientSize = new Size(420, 300+28); //x pos,y pos, (3 rows of 4 buttons each + 3x labels)
//form.Controls.AddRange(new Control[] { label, textBox, buttonOk, buttonCancel }); //no need for textbox
form.Controls.AddRange(new Control[] { label1, label2, label3, button1, button2, button3, button4, button5, button6, button7, button8, button9, button10, button11, button12, });
form.ClientSize = new Size(Math.Max(420, label1.Right + 10), form.ClientSize.Height);
form.FormBorderStyle = FormBorderStyle.FixedDialog;
form.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;
form.MinimizeBox = false;
form.MaximizeBox = false;
form.AcceptButton = button1;
form.CancelButton = button2;
form.CancelButton = button3;
form.CancelButton = button4;
form.CancelButton = button5;
form.CancelButton = button6;
form.CancelButton = button7;
form.CancelButton = button8;
form.CancelButton = button9;
form.CancelButton = button10;
form.CancelButton = button11;
form.CancelButton = button12;
//give windows form a background color
form.BackColor = Color.Black;
//give windows form text label a readable color on black
label1.ForeColor = Color.Yellow;
label2.ForeColor = Color.Yellow;
label3.ForeColor = Color.Aqua;
//give buttons a meaningfull color e.g. Yellow, Aqua, Gold, Lime;
button1.BackColor = Color.Lime; // 1x multi
button2.BackColor = Color.Yellow; // 2x
button3.BackColor = Color.Yellow; // 3x
button4.BackColor = Color.Yellow; // 4x
button5.BackColor = Color.Yellow; // 5x
button6.BackColor = Color.Yellow; // 6x
button7.BackColor = Color.Yellow; // 7x
button8.BackColor = Color.Yellow; // 8x
button9.BackColor = Color.Aqua; // 1x single
button10.BackColor = Color.Aqua; // 2x
button11.BackColor = Color.Aqua; // 3x
button12.BackColor = Color.Aqua; // 4x
button1.Click += new EventHandler(CreateUserDialog.Buttons_OnClick);
button2.Click += new EventHandler(CreateUserDialog.Buttons_OnClick);
button3.Click += new EventHandler(CreateUserDialog.Buttons_OnClick);
button4.Click += new EventHandler(CreateUserDialog.Buttons_OnClick);
button5.Click += new EventHandler(CreateUserDialog.Buttons_OnClick);
button6.Click += new EventHandler(CreateUserDialog.Buttons_OnClick);
button7.Click += new EventHandler(CreateUserDialog.Buttons_OnClick);
button8.Click += new EventHandler(CreateUserDialog.Buttons_OnClick);
button9.Click += new EventHandler(CreateUserDialog.Buttons_OnClick);
button10.Click += new EventHandler(CreateUserDialog.Buttons_OnClick);
button11.Click += new EventHandler(CreateUserDialog.Buttons_OnClick);
button12.Click += new EventHandler(CreateUserDialog.Buttons_OnClick);
DialogResult dialogResult = form.ShowDialog();
//value = textBox.Text; //no need for textbox
return dialogResult;
}
static void Buttons_OnClick(object sender, EventArgs e)
//create button click event
{
Button btn = sender as Button;
Globals.keuze = btn.Name;
//MessageBox.Show("You clicked " + btn.Name);
}
}
@bitman The truth is that your script is impressive, although my problem is that when importing external subtitles, I need to always be specific characteristics, typography, background etc ... and when importing as you ask me, I could put it, but of course not I can record it, then I always have to edit and it is much more laborious.