In order to put closed captioning on DVD's you need to do it in the authoring stage. Most consumer and even a lot of the professional software doesn't have this capability. We have a Sonic Fusion system that will do it, but it cost us about $25,000 Also not all DVD players are capable of playing back closed captioning.
And you will also need a closed captioning system that will allow you to create the captioning file for whatever authoring package you are using.
Technically, closed captions stream in DVD structure is just a slideshow - static images at specified time for a specified length of time (with alpha channel though). So any DVD authoring tool that is capable of creating slideshows can be relatively easily extended to do closed captions. The most of complexity is in authoring interface - let user add/import and modify captions interactively, save information in the DVD authoring project, etc.
Yes, but the slide show requires an additional metadata or information track that DVDA currently doesn't offer. It's pretty significant to do this, and as Jsnkc mentions, no consumer ware offers this, or not that i'm aware of anyway, and even the higher end tools don't offer this either.
The Martyh ref appears to use an in-band technique originally developed for analogue media that is being shoe-horned, hopefully well into DV/MPEG/low-compression NLEs.
Whereas DVD authoring uses the DVD function to generate the overlay, the TV set generates the CC overlay in the technique mentioned by LeapFrog. AFAI can see.
Not all world TV sets are CC capable, some are restricted to the ETSI Teletext mosaic graphics titling which uses a very much more complicated data system.
Not sure what a 2-pass TMPGEnc MPEG-2 VBR compression would do to this, nor if it will hit line21 from Vegas. Yet if Premiere can do this with its DV output as mentioned,.....
I wonder if the 21st TV line of each field is a particular number-pair in DV?
I get confused about line21 when DVD metadata can also/instead have the DVD player write this out to the TV (for aspect ratio control in non SCART regions etc), again AFAIK.